The historical story of the birth of the coffee we enjoy and drink every day.

 

Everyone would love to know how this coffee came to be, with its very interesting and refreshing taste. Drinking it with a traditional mind gives us a pleasant feeling of reminiscing about the past.

Everyone has a feeling of happiness when drinking it with the aroma of coffee. The history of coffee is a drink that has been invented as literally as the history of tea.

Coffee is said to have been discovered a thousand years ago in a country called Ethiopia (also known as Abyssinian) on the African continent. According to one story, "A man was passing through a forest when he noticed the aroma coming from a recently burning plant. He chewed some pods on the plant. The tasty pods attracted his attention. He boiled the pods in water and made a drink which was refreshing and pleasant to the heart." It seemed to him".

There are some stories about how coffee was discovered. We know that the Abyssinian (currently Ethiopia) people were the first to drink and know about the coffee drink. Until the 15th century, coffee was cultivated only in Ethiopia.

Then it went to Arabia, and for 200 years, coffee was distributed throughout the world from Yemen in southern Arabia. In the 17th century, the Dutch planted the coffee plant in Java and sent coffee seedlings to many warmer countries.

The British cultivated the coffee plant in Jamaica. From there, coffee settled in Central America and South America. Soon coffee became a popular drink in Europe and America.

The coffee plant grows well in hot areas as an upland variety and is suitable for coffee cultivation in areas that are not waterlogged. The coffee plant thrives in the foothills of Brazil in South America.

Fertile temperatures are also very suitable for coffee cultivation. Because of this, three-quarters of the world's coffee beans are produced in Brazil. Brazil has the largest coffee plantations in the world. There are millions of them in Venezuela, Colombia, and Mexico where coffee is grown extensively.

There are 25 varieties of coffee beans. Trees grow like forests in tropical regions and both species bear fruit. The distinctive aroma of coffee wafts through when these fruits are roasted to maturity.

It is in this mind that people who are addicted to coffee give away their souls. Coffee has an important place in America and like the people of that country, coffee is drunk without adding milk in most of the countries.

In some countries like India, coffee is drunk with milk. Coffee is also drunk with milk in Europe. Two different opinions drinking coffee is good for the body in various ways and that it can cause some physical problems.

Generally, there are two opinions that drinking coffee can improve our memory and that drinking coffee regularly can cause blood pressure. From time to time we can drink coffee drink liberally.

There are many refreshments that the body gets from sweating.

No matter what kind of work you do, don't forget to do physical work. Even if it is working on the computer, don't let us think that we are working. It is only through physical exertion that sweat comes out which keeps the body fresh.

Exercising first thing in the morning flushes out excess sweat and should be a regular part of a man's routine. Only then are the waste products in the skin areas of the body excreted with sweat, so the sweat excreted through physical exertion is beneficial to the body.

 It is better to drink water during physical activity and before exercise, and it is better not to drink water while resting or sleeping. If you drink too much water while your body is at rest, your kidneys will only work harder and lose strength.

Our body can be compared to a permanent stove where our body burns the food we eat as fuel. In this practice, our body needs more than 2200 calories daily. This heat is very less but this heat is enough to evaporate the water.

Thus, what happens to the heat generated in our body, if there is no system in our body to control heat, our body will be exposed to extreme temperatures. Our average body temperature is 98.64 degrees Fahrenheit.

Sweating is very important for keeping the body at a moderate temperature. The control of keeping the body at a uniform temperature is in the brain.

If our body temperature drops due to some reason, some parts of the brain immediately activate and increase the temperature in the body through some glands. Similarly, if the temperature increases, brain activity will reduce the temperature because keeping the body temperature equal is one of the healthiest things.

Each of our human body has about 20 lakh sweat glands located on the surface of the skin. At the same time, these are not equally distributed in all parts of the body. For example, we have more sweat glands on our palms and feet, but fewer sweat glands on our backs.

Different amounts of sebum are secreted from these sweat glands. The sweats leave the body according to its movement. Due to some diseases, the nerves in some parts of the body become inactive, and sweat stops coming out of these parts.

Sweat consists of 99% water and one per cent sodium chloride. It is only when we sweat that our body gets rid of unnecessary salts. It comes out only during physical exertion, so daily physical exertion is very important. Sweating through physical exertion keeps the body fresh and healthy.

We can protect the future only if we protect the atmospheric shield provided by nature.

Nature has gifted us with everything. The wealth on this earth, water, air, green plants, vines, plants, mountains, surrounded by nature, provide us with everything. On our earth, not only the land area but also the gas zone protects the earth in 5 layers as it goes up.

 If the light that can come from the sun reaches the earth as it is, it will create a situation where various types of life living on the earth cannot survive.

If a tiny bee couldn't live here, how would pollination happen, how would plants grow, how would we get oxygen. Man's life depends on the entire nature if there are no bees then 90 per cent pollination is not possible how will new plants grow.

Atmospheric protection is necessary for the earth if such small life is to survive and this atmospheric protection is protecting the entire earth. We can know about this in some detail in this article.

Atmosphere is a mixture of gases

The air that surrounds the earth and covers it is called a gas atmosphere. It is noteworthy that no other planet in this solar system has a gas system.

 There is a large amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and it is because of this that life on earth has appeared and developed and is present in large numbers today.

The gas layer extends up to 1600 km in the sky from the surface of the earth. The reason this gas system is attached to the Earth is because the Earth's gravitational force binds the gas system to itself.

 The gaseous atmosphere is a mixture of gases. Moist, dry air contains an average of 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen, with small amounts of carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and helium. Its composition is almost constant in the lower layers of the atmosphere.

There is also a steam

In addition to the gases already mentioned, the lower layers of the gaseous zone contain various amounts of water vapour.

These vapours come from the heat of water in oceans, rivers, lakes, and water bodies. Condensation of small amounts of water vapour has some serious consequences.

Water vapour is a major component of the atmosphere, although it constitutes only three or four per cent of the total atmosphere.

Clouds are signs of the presence of water vapour in the atmosphere. The amount of water vapour in the atmosphere varies from place to place and from time to time.

The atmosphere can be divided into five layers:

Troposphere

The troposphere, which is the closest to about 10 miles high, makes up nine-tenths of the air around Earth and is where our clouds form and the seasons develop. Here the temperature of the air decreases at the rate of one degree per 165 meters as it goes up.

Stratosphere

The second layer is called the stratosphere. It starts at about a tenth of a mile and goes up to a height of 50 miles. Here the wind is much less than in the troposphere. Breathing is difficult here as the atmosphere is very low and there are no clouds and associated seasons.

This layer is best suited for flying large jets. Here is a wonder gas known as Ozone, a gas known to many in the world. This ozone absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

Mesosphere

The mesosphere is located about 50 to 80 kilometres above the Earth's surface. It is one of the coldest regions with an average temperature of minus 85 degrees Celsius. It is in this mesosphere that the rocket will operate.

Thermosphere

 It is located about 80 to 700 kilometres above the Earth. The temperature increases due to the very low density of the molecules found here. There is no steam here. The International Space Station orbits in the thermosphere.

Exosphere

The exosphere is on the upper plate of the gas zone. It is located thousands of kilometres above the Earth. Constellations pass through this Exosphere. It is the boundary for spaceships, spaceships and rockets to travel to other planets.

This nature reserve is what we are doing

Five types of defences protect the earth. It is completely natural but what we are doing is we are artificially changing little by little this earth that nature is protecting.

We are completely polluting this naturally formed layer of the atmosphere with plastic waste, unnecessary waste and fumes emitted by factories. We are producing greenhouse gases.

The ozone layer is currently recovering little by little. So it is the people living on earth who have caused the biggest impact on ozone.

A huge hole in the ozone has been created by the release of unnatural gases due to over-manifesting without realizing it. This is going to affect the people of the earth to a great extent, fearing that many people are going to get skin cancer, all the countries of the world are now working together to fix it.

We can only fix it by living a greener life. We have polluted the Earth's land surface, and we have polluted the Earth's water levels, but more than that, when the atmosphere is filled with chemical substances, the entire atmosphere starts to become polluted.

Pollution of the atmosphere means pollution of the earth, so it is better not to produce gases like carbon dioxide, nitrous dioxide, sulfur dioxide, etc. by burning unnecessary materials.

The man should protect this atmospheric region that nature has given us. Nature has given us this atmospheric region, but today we have created a situation where the water is polluted by rain full of pollutants and acid rain falls on the earth. We have to adopt a natural lifestyle to protect this shelter that nature has given us.

If we artificially pollute the atmosphere, every living thing on Earth will pollute, and humans will also pollute at some point. Earth is the best place for humans to continue to live if they live naturally to protect nature and protect the atmosphere.

Research and development of wireless telecommunications.

The US government has released a plan to research and develop the wireless telecommunications industry at the national level. The United States government has released this development plan for faster telecommunication and internet functionality in order to improve network and information technology.

People from various departments are working on this project especially members of government agencies like the Department of Defense Department of Energy Department of Transport Department of Communication and the National Institute of Standards and Technology are working on this project.

The aim of this project is to have the best wireless communication in the world but there is a need to improve some technologies that are in between to develop this project.

That's why many fields are working together to develop particularly active antennas. And there are some other innovations in spectrum allocation. Finding all these discoveries can lead to the next stage of development. Between the rapid development of wireless communication and the creation of the Internet, many such technologies must first be developed.

 Only then can we move on to the next phase of development, which is why the US government has decided to develop these intermediate technologies? Through such programs, the United States will have improved telecommunication worldwide and can improve international cooperation to develop the next generation of wireless technology.

At various times we wonder why astronauts wear this special suit.

During space travel, astronauts wear a special suit called a space suit. Naturally, many people ask why this special dress is needed. Astronauts use special text to protect their lives.

Special clothing is provided for the conditions of life they are accustomed to on earth. Simulate Earth conditions in a large spaceship travelling in space orbit. This also applies to space probes, although astronauts are required to wear special clothing.

A special suit is also essential for them when they venture out into spaceships to conduct research. There is no oxygen in space, we need oxygen to breathe and that oxygen gives astronauts a special suit. This special suit helps the players to keep their blood pressure down.

This special suit provides the natural protection that the gas system provides to protect against radiation. So wearing a special suit feels like telling the astronauts to lift the earth with them.

The special suit gives it the ability to withstand the cold in space. To cope with the impact of space in total, when on earth, when going to space, they will lose weight in zero gravity, so this special suit is necessary to increase the weight.

A person's mass does not change anywhere in the universe but weight is a measure of gravity. The product of acceleration due to gravity multiplied by the mass of the man is the weight of the man, so the weight of the man must decrease wherever he goes beyond the earth.

The gravity of Earth is 9.8 m/s².  If a man goes to the moon, the gravitational force of the moon is only 2 m/s² so the weight of the man on the moon will definitely decrease. Rather than that, space has hero gravity, so people in space are completely weightless. This spacesuit is used to add weight.

This special suit is not only for one reason but also helps the astronauts in different ways to create the atmosphere on Earth. This special suit is armour for astronauts who are exposed to extreme effects due to lack of oxygen, weight loss, atmospheric pressure, radiation etc.

Galileo Galilei inspired scientific interest among the scientists of the day.

Today we are in modern astronomy research but before this, many scholars sacrificed their lives for it and were immersed in astronomy research all their lives.

Galileo Galilei was the first of many such astronomers. He is very fond of gazing at the sky. Galileo Galilei is the epitome of many scientists who want to see what lies beyond this earth. A person who was used to looking at the sky with the naked eye wanted to look beyond it so the telescope was made by him.

Since the invention of the telescope, his job has been to continuously gaze at the sky through it. Exploring space through a telescope was one of his favourite things. One night the person who was looking at the sky for a long time through the telescope thought that he could sleep from now on, so he turned the telescope to one side and by chance the planet Jupiter appeared to his eye and there he also saw a miracle.

The miracle he saw was a halo. Jupiter can be seen through a telescope at night and looks like a bright star. He was not surprised to see Jupiter, he was surprised to see three small stars near Jupiter.

He had never seen those stars before, he saw stars that no one else in the world had seen and a mixture of wonder and joy overwhelmed him. Galileo's research got a new momentum.

Every night he turned his telescope towards Jupiter. Sometimes three stars and sometimes two stars were visible. Sometimes three stars became four stars. They were all visible near Jupiter.

They did not stay in one place. They moved. One day, as usual, Galileo was looking at Jupiter through his telescope when suddenly he jumped into oblivion because he discovered the secret of some of the stars near Jupiter.

He understood that the natural satellites revolved around the planet Jupiter just as the moon revolved around the Earth. Of the 4 natural satellites only two were visible, Galileo determined that the other two must be hidden behind Jupiter.

 

Scientists think that asteroids orbiting a planet are its moons, and in line with their theory, Jupiter's side stars are actually its moons. Galileo, who discovered that Jupiter's moons revolved around the Sun, thought that the planets might also be a family of planets orbiting the Sun and that the Earth might be one of those families.

This idea of ​​Galileo's idea formed in his study guided other scientists at a time when nothing was known about the sun. Galileo told other scientists an interesting story about the moons orbiting Jupiter, and many of those scientists were amazed, but they did not accept Galileo's idea that Earth could be one of the planets.

It took many years for them to realize that it was true that the Earth and the other planets revolved around the Sun. It was confirmed that the planets revolved around the Sun as a family just as the moons revolved around Jupiter. It was in that miracle that they began to discover the truth. Galileo's fame reached its peak and the way he showed other scientists inspired space exploration.

Why are some fruits sweet and some are sour?

 Fruits like apples, mango, guava, and watermelon are sweet. Lemons are fermented and fruits like grapes and oranges are mixed with sweet and sour. The taste of each type of fruit differs from other types of fruit and there are some differences between two types of fruit of the same type.

For example, the taste of mangoes differs from that of fruits such as apples, pomegranates, and grapes, and there is considerable variation in taste between the two mango species. The taste depends on the quantity of their internal ingredients.

Generally, all fruits contain a sweetener known as fructose. Acids such as citric acid are found in different amounts in fruits and fruits such as lemons, which are high in citric acid, are fermented. Fruits are sweeter because they are high in the sweetener fructose.

Fruits such as orange grapes have a sweet and sour taste with equal amounts of sweet and sour nutrients. A mango that is sour when it is a fruit and sweet when it is a fruit is what amazes us.

Generally, when it is ripe, it is very acidic, so the mangoes become sour, but when it becomes a good ripe fruit, the acidity decreases and the sweetness becomes more, due to which the well-ripened mangoes are sweet.

 When the banana is ripe, it contains a lot of starch. When the banana becomes ripe, this starch turns into a sweet substance, making the banana sweet.

How chemical batteries works?

Batteries that help to obtain electricity through chemical reactions are called electrochemical batteries. When two copper and zinc electrodes are placed in dilute sulfuric acid in a glass vessel in a voltaic cell and connected by wires outside the cell, current flows from copper to zinc on the outside and from zinc to copper inside the cell.

 The battery's positive terminal is copper, the negative terminal is zinc, and dilute sulfuric acid is the electrolyte. The operation of a battery is explained in terms of the movement of current-carrying ions.

 At the opposite gate, zinc atoms are ionized and zn++ ions pass into the dilute sulfuric acid. As a result, copper becomes positive and zinc becomes negative terminals.

This makes the copper conduct a direct current. This process continues as long as zinc has an excess of electrons, so current flows in the output. Subsequently, it acts as a system for converting chemical energy into electrical energy.

A voltage difference is created between the copper and zinc plates due to the opposite charges on the two plates. Here copper receives higher voltage than zinc. The voltage difference between these two terminals is almost above 1V.

This is the correct article to understand about overall cell units.

The cell is the smallest unit of the human body. Every cell has individual works, even the cell is the smallest unit but it has an unimaginable world. This article will be of great use to each of us to know about each member of the cell and its application.

Cell Membrane

Cells are enclosed by a cell membrane, also known as a plasma membrane. It is a living, elastic and selectively permeable membrane. It separates the outside environment of the cell from the inside of the cell.

Functions

It holds the protoplasm of the cell and provides mechanical support to the cell.

Being selectively permeable, it allows only certain substances to move in and out of the cell.

It provides a definite shape to the cell.

It helps in the removal of waste products inside the cell.

Cell Wall

The cell wall is a semi-rigid, freely permeable and non-living part of a plant cell. It is made of a non-living substance called cellulose.

Functions

It provides mechanical strength to the plant cell.

It provides a definite shape to the plant cell.

Differences between a cell membrane and a cell wall

Cell membrane	Cell wall
It is the outermost, living cover of the cell.	It is the outermost, non-living thick, protective cover of the plant cell.
It is selective and permeable in nature.	It is highly permeable and allows all substances to leave and enter the cell.
It is found in bacterial cells as well as in plant cells.	It is found in plant cells and animal cells.

 

Nucleus

The nucleus is the largest and most important structure of a cell. It is a dense, spherical body which lies in the centre of the cytoplasm. The nucleus is enclosed by a double membrane called the nuclear membrane, which separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

The nuclear membrane surrounds the dense, semi-fluid substance called the nucleoplasm. It makes the body of the nucleus and contains chromosomes. The chromosomes consist of a network of thread-like structures called chromatin fibres.

Each chromatin fibre contains genes, the basic units of parental characteristics. The nucleoplasm also contains one or more spherical bodies called the nucleolus.

Functions

It controls all the vital activities of the cell therefore; it also called is the brain of a cell.

It contains chromosomes which carry the parental characters or genes to the offspring.

It plays an important role in cell division.

Cytoplasm

It is a viscous, homogeneous and granular protoplasm that lies between the nucleus and the plasma membrane of a cell. It is a translucent, gelatinous, semi-fluid substance which forms the main bulk of the cell. It contains many living parts called cell organelles, and some non-living parts called cell inclusions.

Functions

Cytoplasm stores many chemicals that are essential for life.

It supplies the proper nutrition to the cell organelles and stores food in the form of starch grains.

Many vital metabolic reactions like protein synthesis take place in the cell cytoplasm.

Cell Organelles

The discovery of the electron microscope revealed that the cells contain many membrane-bound living structures scattered in the cytoplasm called cell organelles. They have a definite shape and structure. They perform definite functions.

Mitochondria (Singular: Mitochondrion)

Mitochondria are tiny bodies of varying shapes (rods, round, oval), distributed uniformly in the cytoplasm. Each mitochondrion is enclosed by a double membrane.

The inner membrane is folded into finger-like projections called cristae. A fluid filled in the inner membrane of the mitochondria is called the matrix. Single cells have a few hundred to thousands of mitochondria.

Functions

They perform the cellular respiration within the cells. Thus, they are also known as the powerhouse of the cell.

Mitochondria are involved in the conversion of food into chemicals. They convert the chemical energy contained in the food into a form of energy that a cell uses to grow.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

It is a network of tube-like structures scattered throughout the cytoplasm. In some places, it connects the plasma membrane with the nuclear membrane and transports useful substances within the cell. The endoplasmic reticulum is of two types – the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The rough endoplasmic reticulum has many fine granules called ribosomes.

Functions

They form the supporting skeletal framework of the cell.

They provide a pathway for the transport of nuclear material from one cell to the other.

Golgi Complexes or Golgi Bodies

Golgi bodies are flat, sac-like structures, usually found near the nucleus of most of the cells. They are bound by smooth double membranes. The main components of the Golgi body are – cisternae, vesicles and vacuoles. The cisternae are stacked one over the other in parallel rows. The vesicles are the budded outgrowths of cisternae and the vesicles are the large membranous bodies.

Functions

Golgi bodies secrete hormones and enzymes.

It helps in the synthesis of a plant’s cell wall.

Lysosomes

The lysosomes are sac-like cell organelles, mainly found in animal cells.

Functions

It contains powerful enzymes which can break down many substances.

It protects the cell from harmful foreign bodies like bacteria.

Centrosome

The centrosome is a minute, non-membranous body found close to the nucleus in the cytoplasm of animal cells. It contains to small and bright granules called centrioles surrounded by aster (star-like cytoplasmic microtubules). Plant cells do not contain centrosomes.

Function

Centrosome initiates the cell division in animal cells.

Vacuoles

They are membrane-bound, non-living, fluid-filled spaces present in the cytoplasm of the cells. The membrane that binds a vacuole is called the tonoplast. A large vacuole is generally found in the plant cell. If vacuoles are present in an animal cell, they are very small and temporary.

Function

Vacuoles store excess water, pigments and waste products.

Plastids

The plastids are disc-shaped organelles found in plant cells only. They are bounded by a double membrane and store pigments. There are three types of plastids present in the plant cells namely leucoplasts, Chromoplasts and Chloroplasts.

Leucoplasts

These are colourless plastids present in the cell of underground storage parts like the tuber, corm and rhizome of the plant. The leucoplasts store food prepared by the plant, in the form of proteins, starch and fats.

Chromoplasts

These are the coloured plastids other than the green-coloured ones. They are mostly present in the petals of flowers and pericarp of the fruits and impart colour to them.

Chloroplasts

These are the green-coloured plastids, which contain a green colour pigment, called chlorophyll. Chloroplasts trap the sun’s energy to perform the process of photosynthesis.

The green colour of leaves and soft stems is due to the presence of chloroplasts in them. A chloroplast has two parts – grana, a pile of flat-green solid bodies and stroma, a liquid matrix.

Do we drink water every day and know what is in the water?

 Water is essential for all living beings, humans, animals, and plants. There can be no life without it. All living matter (unicellular or multi-cellular), plant or animal contain 70% to 90% of water. This water is used by the organism to transport soluble food materials to the cells and for the excretion of waste.

 Water regulates our body temperature. Water is essential for the germination of seeds and the growth of plants. Water is used for drinking by human beings and animals.

It is used for cooking, washing, bathing, cleaning and several other activities. Water is used for agriculture and power generation.

Occurrence

Occurrence of water in Free State:

In Free State, water occurs in solid, liquid and gaseous states.

Solid state

In a solid state, a large amount of fresh water is found in the form of snow or ice. Vast regions of Antarctica and Arctic circles have frozen water. High peaks of mountains have seasonal/perpetual snow. Frost, hail, and snow are some other forms of solid states of water.

Liquid state

Most of the water is present in oceans though it is saline and is not fit for drinking. On the surface of land, water is found in streams, rivers, ponds, lakes etc. Water present under the surface of the earth is called groundwater. Well, water is an example of groundwater.

Gaseous state

Water mostly occurs as water vapours present in the air which on condensation form clouds. Mist and fog are other examples of water in a gaseous state.

Occurrence of water in combined state

In plants and animals

Water occurs in the combined state of tissues of plants and animals. It has been estimated that 70% to 80% of the body weight of plants and animals is in the form of water in the combined state.

Water of crystallization

Crystals of certain salts contain a fixed number of water molecules. Such salts are called hydrated salts and the water molecules are collectively called water of crystallization.

Hydrated copper sulphate: CuSO₄. 5H₂O

Hydrated ferrous sulphate: FeSO₄. 7H₂O

Hydrated sodium sulphate: Na₂SO₄.10H₂O

Bauxite (ore): Al₂O₃.2H₂O

Borax crystals: Na₂B₄O₇.10H₂O

Potash alum: K₂SO₄.Al₂(SO₄)3.24H₂O