A new corona virus has been reported.

The coronavirus is already plaguing the world. Its various models are constantly evolving and constantly threatening us. The coronavirus has been plaguing the world for years with various mutations such as alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and omicron.

To be in today's environment like this, a new virus has arrived, which is the mutated virus of the MERS coronavirus.

The virus has already arrived in Saudi Arabia in 2012. But now the virus has mutated in South Africa, according to the China Research Center.

This MERS coronavirus is one of the most deadly viruses. This is because 35% of those infected with the virus die. And one-third of those infected with the MERS coronavirus have died.

This information was provided by the World Health Organization in 2012 regarding the impact. The newly mutated virus is more likely to infect bats, and the virus is more likely to infect animals.

Viruses that commonly infect animals are 75% more likely to infect humans. So scientists are involved in research into whether this newly mutated MERS coronavirus could infect humans.

They have threatened to inflict the worst possible harm on human beings if it affects humans. The virus can cause severe damage to the human respiratory tract, which is why it is called the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome.

The World Health Organization (WHO) says a clear decision will be made after intensive research into whether the virus could infect humans as well, as it could cause serious damage to the human respiratory system if it infects humans.

Medical miracle was happened in Jharkhand state with covishield vaccine!.

Surprise and Miracle Has Happened Many of us are generally afraid to get vaccinated and the fear of any side effects and thus ill health came naturally among the people but beyond all this the biggest surprise in a person's life has now taken place in the state of Jharkhand after taking the covishield vaccine.

Dularchand Munda has been vaccinated by the Anganwadi worker. The 55-year-old man has been living in bed immediately but has been able to get up and walk after the first dose of the vaccine.

An Anganwadi worker vaccinated Munda with the Covishield vaccine on January 4, after which the bedridden man was able to get up and walk.

The COVID-19 vaccine is generally said to be highly immunosuppressive. It has come as a surprise to the general public and doctors that the person who put it on is now recovering from his illness and starting to walk in good health.

Munda has been unable to get up and walk after a road accident so he has been bedridden. With this covishield vaccine he is currently paying to boost his immunity and he will be able to get up and walk naturally.

Currently, he is healthy enough to sit in a chair. A three-member medical team is examining how this medical miracle occurred.

While many people are affected by coronavirus, people are now amazed at how many people are recovering from the vaccine.

The common misconception of heat energy and difference between heat and temperature.

 We are generally thinking about heat and temperature both are the same but actually heat is energy and temperature is the measurement of heat quantity.

And also we thought that heat needs some medium to contact and transfer its energy like sound. But radiation does not compulsion for medium for the transfer of energy. Without any medium heat can radiate from one place to another place. For instance sun radiation.

Another general mindset of common people, boiling water can cause a big effect of heat rather in reality steam causes much more effect of heat than boiling water.

The above concept is simplified in the below tabular column.

Common Misconception	Fact
Heat and temperature are the same.	Heat is a form of energy. Temperature is a measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of a body.
Transfer of heat from one body to another needs a medium.	Radiation of heat does not require any physical medium. (Example: Heat from sun reaches earth through vacuum)
Boiling water can cause more damage.	Steam causes more damage due to latent heat as compared to boiling water.

 Difference between Heat and Temperature

Heat is an energy temperature is a measurement of the quantity of heat. Heat is an energy, work, and causes some effect but temperature is just like mathematical measurement work.

Heat	Temperature
Heat is a form of energy	Temperature indicates the thermal condition of a body i.e., how hot (or) how cold the body is?
Heat is the cause	Temperature is the effect.
Heat contents of a body do not decide the direction of heat flow from the body.	The temperature of a body decides the direction of heat flow from the body.
S.I. unit of heat is joule (J)	S.I unit of temperature is Kelvin (K)

 

These are the measuring scales for temperature which are widely using all branches of science and technology.  The SI unit of temperature is Kelvin but we also use Fahrenheit and Celsius for many other temperature measurement processes.

Temperature Scale	L.F.P	U.F.P	No. of divisions on fundamental interval
Celsius scale Fahrenheit scale Kelvin Scale	00C 320F 273K	1000C 2120F 373K	100 180 100

A small explanation about misconception of measurements and units

This table explains common misconceptions about measurements versus facts about the measurements. 

Common Misconception	Fact
A light year is commonly understood as a unit of time	Light year is a unit of distance. One light year is the distance travelled by light through space in one year. 1 light year = 9.46x1015m
In measurement of all liquids 1kg=1 liter	The mass of liquid can be measured in kg while the volume of liquid can be measured in litre.

 System of units

The fundamental units of length, mass and time taken are from a system of units. For measuring various physical quantities following systems are commonly adopted.

Name of the system	Unit
	Length	Mass	Time
.    FPS	foot	pound	Second
.    CGS	centimetre	Gram	second
.    MKS	meter	kilogram	second

 Measurement of the volume of irregular solids can be made as follows.

S.No	To find the volume of	Description
1.	Solids insoluble in water, (a) But heavier than water	Take some water in a measuring jar and let its volume be v1 cm3. Immerse the solid completely in water using a string. The water level rises and the final level is v2 cm3. So, volume of solid = (V2-V1) cm3
	(b)Lighter than water	Let the volume of water be v1 cm3 when a sinker is immersed in it. Tie the solid to the sinker and immerse it into the water, now note the final level of water and let it be v2 cm3. The volume of solid = (v2-v1) cm3
2.	A single drop of water	1. Take a clean burette with water. Clamp it upright. 2. Remove any air bubbles formed. 3. Now allow water to trickle slowly drop by drop, and count the number of drops when the known volume of water has been drained out. 4. Average volume of a single drop = Volume of water drained out/number of drops
3.	The average volume of lead shots	1. Take a measuring jar with water of volume v1 cm3 2. Drop n number of lead shots into the water and note the final level of water as v2 cm3 3. Average volume of lead shot = (v2 – v1 /n) cm3

Do the Thoughts of Ancient Thinkers Always Live?

Who were the Spartans?

Sparta was a city-state of ancient Greece. Its citizens, the Spartans, were renowned for their military skill and their ability to do without luxuries.

The city lay in southern Greece, on the peninsula of Peloponnesos. Its people were divided into three groups. The Spartans were the aristocrats, trained as warriors, who owned the land.

A second group of Greeks, living under Spartan rule, were called perioikoi. They existed by trading which was forbidden to the true Spartans. The third group was the helots, or slaves, who farmed the Spartan's land for them and had few rights.

Spartan boys were taken from their mothers at the age of seven. They were trained by the State, mainly in gymnastics and the use of weapons. Men were not allowed to marry until they were 30.

Spartan girls also had gymnastic training and gained considerable independence when grown up.

Who was Buddha?

The Buddha, which means ‘The Enlightened One’, was Siddhartha Gautama, the son of an Indian prince who lived in the 500s B.C. He spent most of his life preaching.

Tradition says that Siddhartha was born in 563 B.C. He was brought up to a life of luxury. When he was 16 he married Princess Yasodhara, and they had a son, Rahula.

When he was about 29 the prince realized that the world was full of sickness and misery. One night he left home, exchanged his rich clothes with the rags of a beggar and became a wandering monk.

For six years he tried to find enlightenment (religious understanding) by fasting and self-denial. He finally realized this was not the way either, he needed something in between riches and starvation.

Sitting under a Bo-tree one day to meditate, enlightenment suddenly came to him. He spent the rest of his life teaching others the way to Nirvana or happiness, by following the ‘Middle Way’. He died at the age of 80.

Who was Confucius?

Confucius was a Chinese philosopher who lived nearly 2,500 years ago. Millions of people have followed his teachings almost as a religion.

The real name of Confucius was K’ung Ch’iu. He became known as K’ung-fu-tzu, which means Great Master Kung; Confucius is a Latin form of that title.

Confucius was born in 551 B.C. in the town of Ch’u-fou in Shantung province, where his descendants still live. He became famous as a scholar while still a young man.

Many people in China were poor, miserable and badly governed. Confucius believed in treating people as he would want to be treated His ambition was to obtain a high government post so that he could put his ideas of peace and justice into practice. Eventually, the ruler of his own state, Lu, gave him an apparently high post. But he soon found that they had no real power so he resigned to spend his last years teaching. He died at the age of 72.

Who were the NOK people?

The Nok people lived from about 900 B.C. in what is now northern Nigeria. They were the earliest people in Black Africa to make sculptures.

Archaeologists first found the Nok sculptures in 1931. They are named after the little village Nok which lies south-east of the town of Kano.

The art and way of life of these unknown people is called the Nok culture. Traces of it have been found at many other sites in the area north of the junction of the Niger and Benue rivers.

The sculptures are made of earthenware. Some are life-size human heads. Others are small models of animals and humans. All the human heads have pierced ears, so the people must have worn Jewellery.

The Nok people also smelted iron and made stone axes. From the sculptures, it seems that they were farmers.

Nobody knows how the Nok culture ended, but the present-day Yoruba tribe may be descended from the Nok.

Who was Socrates?

Socrates was a leading philosopher and teacher in ancient Greece. His views have influenced people through the ages.

Socrates was born in Athens in 470 B.C., the son of a sculptor and a midwife. He served in the Athenian army where he was commended for his courage in battle.

He was married to a woman named Xanthippe who was said to be very badtempered. Possibly she was annoyed because Socrates had no personal ambition and was not interested in money.

However, Socrates was at one-time president of the Assembly, a sort of parliament of all Athenian citizens. There he made himself unpopular by resisting an illegal move to bring some generals to trial.

Socrates spent most of his time teaching young people his ideas of truth and virtue. His enemies accused him of corruption and heresy. As a result, he was sentenced to die by drinking hemlock, a poison.

Who was Plato?

Plato was a writer and philosopher, the friend and pupil of Socrates. He was born in Athens in 427 B.C.

Plato was born into a wealthy aristocratic family. At the age of 20, he became a pupil of Socrates.

After Socrates died in 399 B.C. Plato spent some years travelling. Then he returned to Athens where he founded a school of science and philosophy (the two subjects were closely related in ancient Greece).

The school was held in a grove of olive trees sacred to a legendary hero, Academus. The School became known as the Academy; this name has been used for schools ever since.

He spent some time in Sicily, where he tried to train the ruler of Syracuse, Dionysius II, in philosophy.

In his writings, Plato was able to describe the teaching of Socrates, who left no books of his own, as well as his own philosophy. He died in Athens at the age of 80.

Who was Aristotle?

Aristotle was the most important thinker of ancient Greece. He was employed for six years as a tutor to Alexander the Great.

Aristotle’s father was a court doctor to Alexander’s grandfather, Amyntas II. Aristotle himself went to Athens in 367 B.C. when he was 18 and studied at Plato’s Academy for 20 years.

After his time in Macedonia tutor to Alexander, Aristotle returned to Athens where he started his own school, the Lyceum. The buildings included a covered walk, the peripatos, and this is why Aristotle’s college is often called the peripatetic school.

About a year before he died Aristotle had to flee from Athens because his enemies accused him of a lack of reverence for the gods.

Aristotle’s writings on a wide range of subjects were rediscovered by European scholars in the later Middle Ages. His works were regarded as second only to the Bible in importance.

Read more: The Scientific History of Airplane. – The history of the first flying machine and flying person in the world.

Read more: The hidden story of human civilizations in the world. 

The hidden story of human civilizations in the world.

 Who lived at Ur?

Ur was one of the city-states built by the ancient Sumerians. Its ruins lie in southern Iraq.

The Sumerians founded Ur during the 3000s B.C. The River Euphrates flowed nearby.

The early settlement at Ur was wiped out by a flood. It is remembered in the Bible as the Great Flood.

A highly civilized group of Sumerian people settled at Ur after the Flood. They included sculptors, potters, metalworkers and builders.

A royal graveyard, containing gold, silver and bronze objects dating from about 2700 B.C. was excavated in the 1920s.

The kings and queens of Ur were buried with a large retinue of their poisoned courtiers who hoped to serve them in the next world.

Who was Sargon of Akkad?

Sargon was a king who reigned from about 2630 to 2305 B.C. He founded the world’s first major empire.

Sargon was vizier (chief minister) to one of the kings who ruled in Sumer (modern Iraq). He took over the throne and founded the city of Agade (or Akkad), somewhere in north Babylonia.

In time he conquered all the other kings of Sumer, extending his rule south to the Persian Gulf, west to the Mediterranean and north into what is now Turkey.

The people of this empire were called Akkadians.

Under Sargon’s successors, the Akkadians developed the art of writing. They also designed the first helmets to be used in warfare, made out of copper and leather.

Who were the Hittites?

The Hittites had an empire based on what is now central Turkey. It lasted for about 700 years, from the 1900s to the 1200s B.C.

The Hittites were related to the peoples of Europe and northern India. They crossed the Caucasus Mountains from east-central Europe to conquer Anatolia (modern Turkey). Their capital was the city of Hattusas near modern Ankara.

After they became powerful around 1500 B.C. the Hittites spread south along the Mediterranean coast.

They wrote on clay, both in hieroglyphics (picture writing) and in cuneiform (wedge-shaped) script. Hittite kings also served as high priests. They had a legal system. The Hittites were among the first people to use iron.

Who was Moses?

Moses was the Hebrew prophet who led the people of Israel from bondage in Egypt to Canaan.

The story of Moses is told in four books of the Bible – Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. This is the only direct reference to him.

However, an Egyptian inscription of about 1200 B.C. mentions Israel and an Egyptian historian, Manetheo, writing in 200 B.C., told how certain Hebrews were expelled from Egypt. “Moses” used to be an Egyptian name.

According to the Bible account, the Israelites were an oppressed group in Egypt, which provided slave labour. Moses became their leader and led them out of Egypt towards Canaan (Palestine), probably during the 1200s B.C.

For many years the Israelites were nomads (Wanderers). They did not reach Canaan until after Moses' death.

Who were the Assyrians?

The Assyrians lived in the northern part of what is now Iraq. They flourished from about 2300 B.C. to 600 B.C.

The Assyrians lived in a highland area on the Tigris River. Their chief cities were Assur and Nineveh. Their buildings were made of sun-baked bricks, but their temples and palaces had stone foundations and elaborate stone wall carvings.

The Assyrian state was built up around its army, the first large force to be equipped with iron weapons. The Assyrians had an empire stretching from Egypt to the Persian Gulf.

They extracted silver from mines in what is now Southern Turkey and Assur soon became a thriving trade centre between East and West. Small rods of silver were used in exchange for goods (especially fabrics, horses and camels).

The Assyrians worshipped Ashur, the god of war. In 600 B.C. Assyria was conquered by the Medes and Babylonians.

Who was King Nebuchadrezzar?

Nebuchadrezzar was a king of Babylon from 605 to 562 B.C. In the Bible, his name is spelt Nebuchadnezzar.

A few months before he succeeded his father Nebuchadrezzar took Syria and Palestine from Egypt in a battle at Carchemish, now in southern Turkey.

The Egyptians encouraged the defeated people to rebel, so Nebuchadrezzar had to mount a series of fresh campaigns. He overran the little Hebrew kingdom of Judah, sacked its capital, Jerusalem and took many captives to Babylon.

Babylon was already a big and wealthy city when Nebuchadrezzar became king, and he added many fine buildings to it, including the Ishtar Gate.

To please his wife, Amytis, who disliked the flat plain of Babylon, Nebuchadrezzar built a huge terraced garden, famed as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and one of the Seven Wonders of the World.

Which king first United Egypt?

Menes, the ruler of Upper Egypt, conquered the Nile Delta area (Lower Egypt) in about 2850 B.C.

The kingdom of Upper Egypt extended south from where Cairo is now to the first Cataract (steep rapids) on the Nile, the site of present-day Aswan.

Menes wore a white, cone-shaped crown. The rulers of Lower Egypt, the swampy area of the delta, wore a red crown. After his conquest, Menes wore a double crown the white crown inside the red one.

Menes was a personal name. He took a different name as a ruler and appeared in lists of early kings as Narmer, Lord of the two lands.

The king built a capital city for his double kingdom at Memphis, southwest of Cairo. Its citadel was surrounded by a white wall.

Egyptian history tells us that Menes/Narmer reigned for 62 years and that his wife was Neith-help. Soon after he died – killed by a hippopotamus – he was declared a god.

Who sent a trading expedition to the land of Punt?

Many Egyptian rulers sent traders to the Land of Punt, but the two most famous expeditions were sent by Mentohotep III and Queen Hatshepsut.

The Land of Punt lay on the Red Sea Coast, now occupied by part of Ethiopia Djibouti and north Somalia. It was rich in gold, ivory and spices.

Early trading between Egypt and Punt was apparently overland. By about 2000 B.C., the third king Mentohotep decided that it would be better to go by sea and sent one ship.

About 500 years later Queen Hatshepsut, who ruled from 1503 to 1482 B.C., sent a fleet of five ships to Punt. An inscription in her mortuary temple at Deirel-Bahri, near Luxor, describes the cargo of fragrant woods, incense, eye makeup, apes, dogs, panther skins and living myrrh trees.

Read more: 

The Scientific History of Airplane. – The history of the first flying machine and flying person in the world.

The Scientific History of Engines

When was the internal combustion engine invented?

The internal combustion engine burns petrol as fuel. It is light but powerful. The first such engine appeared in 1876.

A German engineer called Nikolaus Otto had been experimenting with ‘gas engines’ since the 1860s. So too had other inventors. In 1876 Otto built the first petrol engine that worked well. It was a four-stroke engine; burning petrol gas forced a piston up and down a cylinder.

This up-and-down motion could be carried through belts, chains or rods to turn wheels. So the petrol engine could be used to drive a wheeled vehicle.

Otto’s assistant was Gottlieb Daimler, who fitted a petrol engine to a tricycle in 1886, Another German, Carl Benz, built a single-cylinder engine which drove a three-wheeled car at 14 kilometres an hour in 1885. These two machines were the forerunners of the modern automobile.

The internal combustion engine had many advantages over the older steam engine. It was smaller, lighter and quieter. So it became the standard engine for use in motor cars and motorcycles.

In the petrol engine, the petrol gas is burnt by an electric spark. In the diesel engine, compressed air gives the heat needed to light the gas. The diesel engine is named after its inventor, Rudolf Diesel of Germany, who built the first one in 1894.

When was the first motor car built?

The first cars were known as ‘horseless carriages’. They took to the roads in the 1880s. It was the petrol engine that made possible the age of the motor car.

In 1770 Nicolas Cugnot, a French inventor built a steam tractor. It was the world’s first powered vehicle, but it was very slow. Although other steam cars were built, steam engines were not really suitable for road transport.

During the 1860s the problems of making a reliable petrol engine were solved. In 1886 Gottlieb Daimler of Germany made the first car fitted with a petrol engine.

By 1893 cars such as the Benz Velo were being built and sold to enthusiastic motorists in Europe and America. Henry Ford built his first car in 1896 and went on to start the world’s first car factory. He used the production line system to make cars quickly and cheaply.

When were motor cycles first produced?

In the early days of motoring, there was little difference between motor cars and motor bicycles. The first machine to be called a ‘motorcycle’ was made in 1893.

In the 1860s people tried fitting steam engines to tricycles, but the machines were slow and heavy. Gottlieb Daimler in Germany and Edward Butler in Britain experimented with petrol engine cycles in the 1880s.

In 1893 Hildernad and Wolfmuller of Germany built a motorcycle which could do 38 kilometers an hour. Cycles with motors quickly became popular. In 1895 de Dion and Bouton of France built a motorcycle with a small, lightweight petrol engine. Most other early motorcycles were based on this machine. In many ways, it helped decide the shape of the motorcycle. Motorcycle racing began in the early 1900s.

When were the first racing cars built?

Soon after the first motor cars appeared on the roads, people began racing them. Road races started in the 1890s. Grand Prix (‘Chief Prize’) racing began in 1906.

The first races were held on ordinary roads. They were tests of endurance rather than speed, and the first racing cars were much the same as the models sold to the public.

As cars got faster, accidents became common, and in 1993 road races were banned.

Instead, cars raced on special tracks. Today there is a huge difference between Grand Prix racers and ordinary family cars.

The first Grand Prix was the French. The first race took place in 1906, near Le Mans.

The drivers had to complete 12 laps in two days around a 103-kilometre course. Only 11 of the 32 starters finished the race. After World War I other countries started their own Grand Prix races.

When did buses first appear on the roads?

In medieval times, few people travelled far from home. But in the 1800s, as towns grew larger, people needed a cheap form of transport. The bus was the answer.

In the 1700s, travellers on long journeys faced days of discomfort inside a bumpy stagecoach pulled by horses. By the 1800 railways had replaced the coach for long journeys. And, for short distances, horse-drawn buses had taken to the roads.

Horse buses ran in London’s streets from the 1820s. Instead of walking to work, people could now ride. Soon after came the tram, a bus running on rails through the streets.

Horse-drawn buses were used until the early 1900s. Then motor buses took over. Electric trams ran in city streets until more recently. Then, as the roads grew busier with cars, it was decided that tram lines were a nuisance. So trams were abolished in many of the world’s cities.

The Scientific History of Ships.

When were the first ships built?

People probably used logs to float across rivers. These were the first boats. Ships large enough to sail the open sea were first made in Egypt 5000 years ago.

Logs tied together made a canoe. Reeds tied in bundles would also float. We know that the Ancient Egyptians made reed boats because pictures of them have been found in tombs. But such craft (shown in the picture) were only safe for river travel.

The Egyptians made larger boats, with sails and oars, to explore the open sea. Other people living on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea also built boats.

They built long, slender galleys for war and broad, slower-moving cargo ships for trade. Oars were used to drive the ship along when there was not enough wind.

The sailors kept in sight of land. They had no maps or compasses to navigate with.

When were fully rigged ships used?

Most early ships had one large sail. By the 1400s ships had three masts carrying several sails. These were the first ‘fully-rigged’ ships.

A ship’s rig is its arrangement of sails. The first seagoing vessels usually had a single square sail, although some had a triangular or ‘lateen’ sail instead.

As ships grew larger, extra sails were added. Square and triangular sails were found to work well together. By the 1400s the three-masted carrack had appeared. This was the first fully-rigged ship. It was steered by an astern rudder, replacing the older steering oar.

After the carrack came the galleon. As ship design improved, extra sails were added for greater speed. By the 1800s the fastest clippers could sail at 39 kilometres an hour (21 knots).

When submarines were first built?

Since ancient times, sailors have dreamed of travelling beneath the sea. But not until 1801 did an inventor make a submarine craft. It took years to develop the submarines of today.

Amazingly, a kind of submarine was tried as early as 1620, though it was little more than a watertight barrel. IN 1775 an American one-man submarine called Turtle tried to sink a British warship.

But the honour of building the first submarine goes to Robert Fulton of the U.S.A., whose Nautilus of 1801 could stay underwater for four hours.

However, it was not until the 1890s that navies finally accepted submarines, thanks to the work of another American, John Holland. His submarine set the model for the craft used in the World Wars I and II. It had petrol engines for surface travel and electric motors for moving beneath the waves.

When were the great days of sailing ships?

For thousands of years sailing ships ruled the seas. Their greatest days came in the 1700s and early 1800s. This was the age of the great wooden battleships and the graceful China clippers.

By the 1500s the shape of the sailing ship had become settled. For the next 300 years, it did not change very much. However, there were many improvements.

The greatest warships of the days of sail were 100-gun and 74-gun battleships. These wooden ships had cannons ranged along their sides. In battle, they sailed alongside one another, firing broadsides of cannon balls. Ships like these fought at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.

In the 1840s came the last and most elegant of all sailing ships-the clipper (shown in the picture). Its task was to carry tea from China to the USA and Britain. It was built for speed and could sail 650 kilometres in a day.

To reach port first (and so get the highest prices for their cargo), the tea clippers sometimes raced one another across the oceans. As well as tea, clippers also carried wool from Australia.

Although fast, the clippers (like all sailing ships) relied on favourable winds. In time, these graceful ships gave way to the steamship, which could keep up the same speed, day and night, whatever the wind.

When did the first steamships sail?

Just as sailing ships reached their peak, they were challenged by a new rival steamer. The first steamships took to the seas in the early 1800s. Soon they ruled the waves.

Pyroscaphe was built in France in 1783. But the first practical steamboats were the U.S. Clermont of 1807 and the Scottish Comet of 1812. Both had steam engines driving paddle wheels.

In 1819 a small steamer called Savannah sailed across the Atlantic, although it only used its engine for part of the way.

In the 1840s the screw propeller began to replace the paddle wheel on steamships. I.K. Brunel’s steamship Great Eastern (1858) had both screws and paddles. It was built to sail all the way to Australia without taking on extra coal for its boilers.